Moreover, the existence of two identical chitosanases may also make contribution to the antipathogen activity of Bacillus halotolerans LDFZ001. Gene-editing experiments revealed that functional expression of phosphopantetheinyl transferase (SFP) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter genes in Bacillus halotolerans LDFZ001 was essential for its antifungal activity against R. Bioinformatic analysis demonstrated that the genome of Bacillus halotolerans LDFZ001 contained ten secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding five non-ribosomal peptide synthases, two polyketide synthase, two terpene synthases and one bacteriocin synthase, and a new kijanimicin biosynthetic gene cluster which might be responsible for the biosynthesis of novel compounds. halotolerans F41-3, and possessed a 3,965,118 bp circular chromosome. Antagonistic, phylogenetic and whole genome sequencing analyses demonstrate that Bacillus halotolerans LDFZ001 strongly suppressed the growth of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn sh-1, showed a close evolutionary relationship with B. In this work, a new bacterial strain Bacillus halotolerans LDFZ001 showing efficient antagonistic activity against the pathogenic strain Rhizoctonia solani Kühn sh-1 was isolated. Rhizoctonia solani Kühn naturally infects and causes Sheath blight disease in cereal crops such as wheat, rice and maize, leading to severe reduction in grain yield and quality. 5Shandong Institute of Sericulture, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai, China.4Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong (Ludong University), Ludong University, Yantai, China.3College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.2The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China.1College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, China.Importantly, exclusive differential signal intensities in metabolite abundance were noted in the tissue microenvironment, and 4MP treatment substantially influenced this topographical distribution.Zhibin Feng 1†, Mingzhi Xu 2,3†, Jin Yang 2,3†, Renhong Zhang 2,3, Zigui Geng 2,3, Tingting Mao 2,3,4, Yuting Sheng 2,3,4, Limin Wang 2,3,4, Juan Zhang 2,3,4* and Hongxia Zhang 2,4,5* The spatial intensity and distribution of both oxidative and nonoxidative APAP metabolites were determined from mouse liver sections after a range of APAP overdoses. Thus, to gain insight into the regional variation in APAP metabolism and study the influence of 4MP, we established a desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) platform for generation of ion images for APAP and its metabolites under ambient air, without chemical labeling or a prior coating of tissue which reduces chemical interference and perturbation of small molecule tissue localization. However, despite the regionally restricted necrosis after APAP, our earlier studies on APAP metabolites in biofluids or whole tissue homogenate lack the spatial information needed to understand region-specific consequences of reactive metabolite formation after APAP overdose. The only clinically available antidote is N-acetylcysteine, which has limited efficacy, and we have identified 4-methylpyrazole (4MP, Fomepizole) as a strong alternate therapeutic option, protecting against generation and downstream effects of the cytotoxic reactive metabolite in the clinically relevant C57BL/6J mouse model and in humans. Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the US, and hepatotoxicity is initiated by a reactive metabolite which induces characteristic centrilobular necrosis.
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